Method for the preparation of purified HCV RNA by exosome separation

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method for isolation of hepatitis C virus. The method comprises the separation of particles termed exosomes from the blood plasma of an individual infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the extraction or RNA from these exosome particles.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/130,467, filed Feb. 26, 2003, which is a 371 filing ofPCT/IB00/01801, filed Nov. 20, 2000, which claims priority to GB9927320.3, filed Nov. 18, 1999, from which applications priority isclaimed pursuant to the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §§119/120, and whichapplications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

The present invention relates to a method for the isolation of hepatitisC virus. The method comprises the separation of particles termedexosomes from the blood plasma of an individual infected with hepatitisC virus (HCV) and extracting RNA from these exosome particles.

All publications, manuals, patents, and patent applications cited hereinare incorporated in full by reference.

HCV (previously known as Non-A Non-B hepatitis—NANBV) is a positivesense RNA virus of about 10000 nucleotides with a single open readingframe encoding a polyprotein of about 3000 amino acids. Although thestructure of the virus has been elucidated by recombinant DNA techniques(European patent application EP-A-0318216 and European patentapplication EP-A-0388232), the virus itself has not been isolated andthe functions of the various viral proteins produced by proteolysis ofthe polyprotein have only been inferred by analogy with other similarviruses of similar genomic organisation (Choo et al PNAS USA (199 1) 882451-2455).

The viral proteins are all available in recombinant form, expressed in avariety of cells and cell types, including yeast, bacteria, insect,plant and mammalian cells (Chien, D. Y. et al PNAS USA (1992) 8910011-10015 and Spaete, R. R. et al Virology (1992) 188 819-830).

Two proteins, named E1 and E2 (corresponding to amino acids 192-383 and384-750 of the HCV polyprotein respectively, numbered relative to theHCV-1 isolate) have been suggested to be external proteins of the viralenvelope which are responsible for the binding, of virus to targetcells.

HCV research is hindered very considerably by the limited host range ofthe virus. The only reliable animal model for HCV infection is thechimpanzee. Study of HCV life cycle has also been limited by the lack ofan efficient cell culture system. Furthermore, attempts to purify HCVfrom biological materials such as plasma and liver have failed.

In our copending International patent application PCT/IB95/00692 (WO96/05513), we describe a method employing flow cytometry to identifycells carrying the HCV receptor. We have shown that, by labelling cellswith recombinant E2 envelope protein, it is possible to sort cells usingflow cytometry, isolating those cells capable of specific binding to theE2 and therefore potentially carrying an HCV receptor.

In our copending International patent application PCT/IB96/00943 (WO97/09349), we have identified a protein capable of binding to the E2envelope protein of HCV.

In our copending International patent application PCT/IB98/01628(WO99/18198), we reported the cloning of the DNA encoding a receptor forHCV. This DNA corresponds to the gene that encodes a known cellularprotein, CD81.

However, despite the identification of this receptor for HCV, thereremains a great need for a method that would allow the simplepreparation of the RNA genome of HCV. This would considerably facilitatethe progress of research into the biology of this virus and wouldaccelerate the design of therapeutic and diagnostic reagents that areeffective in the treatment and prevention of disease associated withHepatitis C infection.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, there is provided a method for thepreparation of HCV comprising separating exosome particles from thesupernatant of a cellular culture infected with HCV and extracting RNAfrom the exosome particles. Preferably, the exosome particles areseparated from the plasma of an individual infected with HCV.

It has been discovered that in individuals infected with HCV, the virusbinds to exosome particles in the plasma and is concentrated in theseparticles. The purification of these particles thus allows the simplepreparation of significant quantities of HCV RNA without the need forcomplicated or expensive purification procedures.

Exosomes are subcellular organelles that result from the fusion ofendocytic compartments, termed MIICs (MHC class II-enrichedcompartments) with the plasma membrane. These compartments have beenshown to exist in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and form a site forthe localisation of the majority of intracellular MHC class II molecules(Neefjes et al., 1990). MIICs are endocytic vacuoles with internalmembrane vesicles and sheets, and are thought to represent thesubcellular site at which MHC class II molecules bind peptides (Hardinget al., 1993). MIICs contain internal vesicles (exosomes) that probablyoriginate from the inward vesiculation of its limiting membrane. WhenMIICs fuse with the plasma membrane, inserting MHC class II moleculesinto this structure, the exosomes are released into the extracellularspace.

Exosome particles have now been found in cell culture medium from avariety of APCs, such as dendritic cells, tonsil B cells, monocytes andmacrophages (Raposo et al., 1996). These exosomes have beencharacterised by Geuze and coworkers (Escola, 1998) and found to beselectively enriched in some surface molecules, including certaintetraspanin membrane proteins.

By the term “supernatant of a cellular culture” is meant the supernatantof any fluid in which cells infected with HCV are grown. Suitable fluidsinclude bodily fluids such as blood, and growth medium in which cellsare cultured in vitro.

In one embodiment, exosomes may be prepared from the cell culturesupernatant of cell lines derived from patients infected with HCV. Suchcell lines may be expanded from individual cells isolated from patientsinfected with HCV and propagated in vitro.

In an alternative embodiment, exosomes may be isolated from the plasmafraction of an individual infected with HCV. Techniques for theseparation of plasma from blood will be clear to the skilled reader.

The individual from which blood plasma is taken for preparation ofexosomes may be any animal susceptible to infection by HCV. Suitableanimals include primates, preferably higher primates such as chimpanzeesand humans. Most preferably, exosomes are prepared from human patients.

Exosome particles may be prepared from cell culture supernatant usingany suitable technique, as will be clear to those of skill in the art.Examples include preparation by differential centrifugation, and usingtechniques of immunochemistry discussed below. Preferably, exosomes areprepared by differential centrifugation, according to the technique ofRaposo et al. (1996).

According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a methodfor the preparation of HCV RNA comprising the sequential steps ofcentrifuging plasma obtained from an individual infected with HCV togive a pellet that is enriched in exosomes, and isolating said RNA fromsaid exosomes.

Preferably, the centrifugation is performed sequentially in iterativesteps. These steps involve centrifugation firstly at approximately200×g, then at approximately 500×g, at approximately 2000×g, atapproximately 10000×g, and at approximately 70000×g.

Samples of pellets obtained at each centrifugation step can be analysedto assess the degree of exosome content and thus to gauge the purity ofthe exosome preparations. The preparation process can in this way beoptimised. One technique that is suitable for analysing exosome contentis by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, using antibodies directed againstproteins that are specific markers for exosome particles. Antibodiesdirected against CD81 and/or CD82 are particularly suitable in thisrespect. Binding of these primary antibodies to exosomes can be assessedusing, for example, labelled secondary antibodies that bind to theprimary antibodies. For example, anti-CD81 monoclonal antibody can beused as the primary antibody, whilst a labelled anti-mouse IgG can beused as the secondary antibody.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, exosomes maybe prepared as followed. Cell cultures are first centrifuged for 10minute at 200×g and recovered cells represent pellet P1. Removedsupernatant is centrifuged twice for 10 minute at 500×g; the two pelletsare pooled and represent pellet P2. Supernatants are sequentiallycentrifuged at 2000×g twice for 15 minute (pooled pellets are referredto as P3), once at 10000×g for 30 minute (recovered pellet representspellet P4) and once at 70000×g for 60 minute (yielding pellet P5).Samples of each pellet are then analysed in SDS-PAGE and Westernblotting by using anti-CD81 monoclonal antibody followed byperoxidase-labelled anti-mouse IgG.

As mentioned above, techniques of immunochemistry may be used as analternative to the techniques of differential centrifugation. Thesetechniques may also be used in conjunction with differentialcentrifugation to give more pure preparations of exosomes.

For example, the cell culture supernatant may be incubated with beadscoated with antibody that recognises marker molecules on the surface ofexosome particles. For example, anti-CD81 and/or anti-CD82 antibodiesmay be used in this respect. As the skilled reader will appreciate,magnetic beads, such as those manufactured by Dynabeads, Dynal, Oslo,Norway, or polystyrene beads (for example, those made by Pierce) areparticularly suitable in this embodiment of the invention. Otheralternatives for the purification of exosomes include the use of sucrosedensity gradients or organelle elecrophoresis (Tulp et al., 1994).

“Bona fide” HCV particles consisting of envelope-associated HCV RNA maybe associated with or contained in exosomes. RNA may be prepared fromthe exosomes by any suitable technique, as will be clear to the skilledreader. Suitable methods for RNA extraction are well known in the art(see, for example Sambrook et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning: alaboratory manual; Cold Spring Harbor Press). Commercially-available RNAextraction kits may be used for convenience, such as the viralextraction kit sold by Qiagen, which uses silica gel based spin columnsthat allow purification of viral nucleic acids from cell-free bodyfluids.

According to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provideda preparation of purified HCV particles. Preferably, the HCV particlesare prepared according to any one of the methods described above. Due totechnical difficulties involved in the preparation of HCV particles, nocomposition of purified HCV particles have yet been made. The method ofthe invention thus allows, for the first time, purified HCV particles tobe prepared. The method of the invention therefore allows, for the firsttime, the biochemical and biophysical characterisation of HCV particlesand proteins.

Purified HCV particles prepared according to the invention may be usedin numerous applications, as the skilled reader will appreciate. Suchapplications include the diagnosis, prevention and treatment ofindividuals infected with HCV and the development and design of agentsuseful in therapy, prevention and diagnosis of this disease and itsprogression.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided amethod of diagnosing an individual as being infected with HCV,comprising obtaining a preparation of cells from the individual,preparing exosome particles from the cellular supernatant and testingthe exosome particles for the presence of HCV RNA and proteins.Preferably, the preparation of cells obtained from the individual is ablood plasma preparation.

Various aspects and embodiments of the present invention will now bedescribed in more detail by way of example, with particular reference tothe separation of exosomes using techniques of differentialcentrifugation and immunoseparation. It will be appreciated thatmodification of detail may be made without departing from the scope ofthe invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a Western blot demonstrating exosome purification fromHepG2 cell culture medium by differential centrifugation steps.

FIG. 2 shows a Western blot demonstrating exosome purification fromhuman plasma by differential centrifugation steps.

FIG. 3 shows a Western blot demonstrating exosome capture and sorting byanti-CD81-coated magnetic beads.

FIG. 4 shows a Western blot demonstrating exosome capture and sorting byanti-CD82-coated magnetic beads.

FIG. 5 shows a Western blot demonstrating exosome capture fromHCV-infected patients.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Exosomes

Initially, exosomes were isolated from several cell lines, includinghepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and HuH7) and EBV-transformedB cell lines. Cell cultures were first centrifuged for 10 min at 200×gand recovered cells represent pellet P1. Removed supernatant wascentrifuged twice for 10 min at 500×g; the two pellets were pooled andrepresent pellet P2. Supernatants were sequentially centrifuged at2000×g twice for 15 min (pooled pellets are referred to as P3), once at10000×g for 30 min (recovered pellet represents pellet P4) and once at70000×g for 60 min (yielding pellet P5).

Samples of each pellet were then analysed in SDS-PAGE and Westernblotting using anti-CD81 monoclonal antibody followed byperoxidase-labelled anti-mouse IgG. Pellet P5 was found to be thefraction enriched in exosomes (see FIG. 1). We have isolated exosomesfrom several cell lines, including hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines(HepG2 and HuH7) and EBV-transformed B cell lines.

Normal human plasma was subsequently assessed for the presence ofexosomes. Diluted plasma recovered after blood separation on Ficollgradients was processed according to the differential centrifugationprotocol described above and exosomes were visualised by Western blotusing anti-CD81 or anti-CD82 mAbs and peroxidase-labelled anti-mouseIgG. It has been found that there are exosomes in the plasma of healthyindividuals (see FIG. 2).

We have also succeeded in isolating exosomes from the supernatant beforethe centrifugation step at 70000×g by overnight incubation with magneticbeads previously coated with anti-CD81 or anti-CD82. Exosomes capturedby anti-CD81-coated beads (see FIG. 3) or anti-CD82 coated beads (seeFIG. 4) have been extracted twice with Laemmli buffer and detected bySDS-PAGE and Western blotting.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of HCV RNA

Given the results presented above, exosomes can now be isolated fromplasma of HCV-infected patients enriched in HCV RNA. The experimentalapproach is as follows.

Plasma from HCV-infected human blood recovered after Ficoll separationis processed following the differential centrifugation protocoldescribed above. The exosome-enriched supernatant collected from thecentrifugation step at 10000×g is incubated overnight withanti-CD81-coated magnetic beads. Alternatively, after two clearingsteps, HCV-infected plasma may be centrifuged at 20000×g beforeovernight incubation with anti-CD81-coated magnetic beads. Magneticbeads are then washed three times in 1% BSA in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0),1 mM EDTA, and 100 mM NaCl (TEN) buffer by magnetic separation and viralRNA are extracted with the Viral Extraction Kit (Qiagen). QuantitativeRT-PCR for HCV RNA is performed as previously described (Pileri et al.,1998).

Alternative methods to capture exosomes from HCV-infected plasma may betested, including the use of polystyrene beads (¼-inch diameter) aspreviously described (Pileri et al., 1998).

Exosomes in human plasma are enriched in HCV RNA and/or structuralproteins.

EXAMPLE 3 Isolation of Exosomes from the Blood of HCV-Infected Patients

Here, we confirm the successful isolation of exosomes from the blood ofHCV infected patients, either by steps of iterative centrifugation or byimmunoselection with monoclonal antibodies against human CD81 or CD82molecules, adopting the protocol used above for normal human plasma.Exosomes were then extracted in Laemmli buffer and CD81 (a markerenriched in exosomes) visualized by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting (seeFIG. 5). This works confirms the presence of the CD81 protein in exosomepreparations from the blood of an HCV patient.

Furthermore, in the exosomes prepared from infected patients, HCV RNAhas been detected using quantitative RT PCR (see Table below).

Plasma from HCV-infected human blood recovered after Ficoll separationwas processed following the differential centrifugation protocoldescribed above. The exosome-enriched supernatant collected from thecentrifugation step at 10000×g was incubated overnight with anti-CD81 oranti-CD82 coated magnetic beads (20 μg of purified monoclonalantibody/2.5×10⁷ magnetic beads (Dynal). Magnetic beads were then washedthree times in 1% BSA in phosphate buffer by magnetic separation andviral RNA was extracted with the Trizol reagent (Life Technology).

Quantitative RT-PCR for HCV RNA was performed as previously described(Pileri et al., 1998). TABLE RT-PCR of HCV from exosomes derived frominfected patients Patient P4beads P4 beads code anti-CD81 alone P5 TORT1.25e4 5e3 3.2e5 BREG 6e2 1e2 6e4

REFERENCES

-   Escola J.-M. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273: 20121-20127.-   Harding C. V. and Geuze H. J. (1993) J. Immunol. 151: 3988-3998.-   Neefjes J. J. et al. (1990) Cell 61: 171-183.-   Pileri P. et al. (1998) Science 282: 938-941.-   Raposo G. et al. (1996) J. Exp. Med. 183: 1161-1172.-   Tulp A. et al. (1994) Nature 369: 120-126.

1. A preparation of purified hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles.
 2. Thepreparation of claim 1, prepared by a method comprising separatingexosome particles from the supernatant of a cell culture infected withHCV; and extracting RNA from the exosome particles.
 3. The HCV particlesof claim 2, wherein the exosome particles are separated from the plasmaof an individual infected with HCV.
 4. The HCV particles of claim 2,wherein said exosome particles are prepared from the cell culturesupernatant by differential centrifugation.
 5. The HCV particles ofclaim 2, wherein said exosome particles are prepared from the cellculture supernatant by incubating the cell culture supernatant withbeads coated with antibody.
 6. The HCV particles of claim 5, whereinsaid antibody is anti-CD81 or anti-CD82 antibody.
 7. The HCV particlesof claim 5, wherein said beads are magnetic beads.
 8. The HCV particlesof claim 5, wherein said beads are polystyrene beads.
 9. The HCVparticles of claim 2, wherein said HCV RNA is extracted from the exosomeparticles using a viral extraction kit.
 10. The HCV particles of claim2, wherein said exosome particles are enriched in CD81 protein.
 11. TheHCV particles of claim 2, wherein said cell culture is a human cellculture.
 12. A preparation of purified hepatitis C virus (HCV) particlesprepared by a method comprising: (a) providing plasma from a subjectinfected with HCV; (b) subjecting the plasma to differentialcentrifugation to produce an exosome-enriched supernatant; (c)incubating the supernatant with beads coated with an anti-CD81 oranti-CD82 antibody to isolate exosome particles; and (d) extracting HCVRNA from the exosome particles.
 13. The HCV particles of claim 12,wherein the subject is human.
 14. The HCV particles of claim 12, whereinthe supernatant is incubated with an anti-CD81 antibody.
 15. The HCVparticles of claim 14, wherein the supernatant is incubated with ananti-CD82 antibody.
 16. The HCV particles of claim 12, wherein the beadsare magnetic beads.
 17. The HCV particles of claim 12, wherein the beadsare polystyrene beads.
 18. The HCV particles of claim 12, wherein theHCV RNA is extracted from the exosome particles using a viral extractionkit.
 19. A preparation of purified hepatitis C virus (HCV) particlesprepared by a method comprising: (a) providing plasma from a humaninfected with HCV; (b) subjecting the plasma to differentialcentrifugation to produce an exosome-enriched supernatant; (c)incubating the supernatant with magnetic beads coated with an anti-CD81or anti-CD82 antibody to isolate exosome particles; and (d) extractingHCV RNA from the exosome particles using a viral extraction kit.